BY: SR. MARY ELLEN DOUGHERTY, SSND
Sr. Mary Ellen is project administrator, Stop Trafficking of People (STOP),
Migration and Refugee Services, U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington,
DC.
Under federal law, the technical term for modern-day slavery or coerced
Labor is "severe forms of trafficking in persons." "Severe
forms of trafficking in persons" is defined as 1) sex trafficking in
which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion or in which
the person induced to perform such an act is under 18; or 2) the recruitment,
harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or
services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of
subjecting that person to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or
slavery.
— Trafficking in Persons: A Guide for Non-Governmental Organizations1
The two Mexican women who on August 7, 2003, were each sentenced to 170 years
in prison for brutalizing four young Mexican girls in a New Jersey brothel are
a testament to the horror of human trafficking. Judge Faith Hochburg, of the
U.S. District Court in Newark, NJ, told the women, "You exploited the most
vulnerable, sexually naive young girls — [you] lied to them, using the same
dreams of the good life that you had for yourself. They were enslaved by you
just as if they were caged animals."2
When used appropriately, as it was in the New Jersey case, the Trafficking
Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 is an effective tool for protecting victims.
However, it will work only if we are all vigilant. These girls, starved and
physically abused, could well have appeared in an emergency room or at a church
door. The average advocate, uninformed about trafficking, would have taken the
girls for undocumented minors and either served them and let them go or turned
them over to the local authorities. In all probability, the girls would then
have been deported. No one would discover that they had been trafficked. And
deported, they would simply re-enter the cycle, very likely recruited by the
same people who had trafficked them in the first place.
The girls in the New Jersey case, who did not know each other, had been separately
lured to the United States in their early teens by brothers of the two convicted
traffickers in the belief that they would marry these men. The brothers are
still at large.
The girls had agreed to be smuggled in, intending to stay with the men's
sisters until their "fiancés" could join them. In the meantime,
they expected to earn money at a respectable trade. Instead, they were beaten,
forced into prostitution, and isolated. They were deliberately undernourished,
deprived of wages, and forced to have unsafe abortions. Although the girls willingly
collaborated in the smuggling, they are, according to the TVPA, victims of trafficking
on at least two counts: They were under 18 at the time of the sexual exploitation
and they were deceived, forced, and coerced.
The girls were fortunate. After being identified as undocumented minors during
a routine raid by local police, they happened to be interviewed by an astute
agent of the Immigration and Naturalization Services.* Unlike many law enforcement
personnel, who remain uneducated about trafficking, the agent suspected that
the girls' case involved something worse than straightforward prostitution.
Eventually he was able to get them to tell him their stories. Subsequently,
at the request of authorities, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops'
(USCCB's) Migration and Refugee Services placed the girls in safe housing.
Through a vital Catholic Charities program, they received all the services available
to victims of trafficking: counseling, education, safe shelter, medical care,
access to reliable translators, and legal counsel.
* Now the Citizenship and Immigration Services, part of the
U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Meanwhile, they cooperated with the Department of Justice in its prosecution
of the traffickers. Ultimately, the girls will have a right to seek legal permanent
residency in the United States, if they so choose. For every victim successfully
rescued, however, thousands go undetected.
Trafficking and Its Victims
In 2003 a Washington Post article exposed illegalities in massage parlors
in Charles County, MD, an area that, the paper said, "has gained an unwanted
reputation as one of the regions prime destinations for men who pay for sex."3
Local police charged the parlors' owners with promoting prostitution.
But a larger social issue revealed by the case is the frequency with which
prostitutes, often Asian women, are coerced into service and defrauded — in
other words, trafficked. Unfortunately, although there was evidence that some
of the massage parlor workers had been coerced, the prosecution in this case
did not pursue that line of investigation. And although the parlor owners were
punished, the workers were not accommodated as they might have been if the TVPA,
under which such people are absolved of blame for criminal activity related
to their status as trafficking victims, had been rigorously applied.
Prostitution is not the only indignity forced upon victims of human trafficking.
In 2002 the Baltimore Sun published an extensive piece concerning human
trafficking in health care.4 The article described people from Micronesia and
the Marshall Islands who, although told they would be brought to this country
to be nursing students, were in fact put to work in nursing homes. They were
discovered working and living in substandard conditions. Meanwhile, the recruiters
and labor brokers involved had profited substantially from the deal, as had
the nursing homes. According to the TVPA, the presence of force, fraud, or coercion
in negotiation between employer and employee constitutes human trafficking.
For at least some of the nursing home workers, fraud was clearly a factor. Health
care leaders should take care to ensure that none of their workers are trafficking
victims.
Migrant farm workers in this country are notoriously underpaid and overworked.
Some enter legal agreements that, unfortunately, legitimize their poverty. Others,
however, are coerced and cannot leave their jobs even if they want to. In many
cases, such people have paid to be smuggled into the United States, expecting
to become part of a voluntary, if poorly paid, labor force. Instead, their wages
have been withheld by their employers and their freedom of movement restricted.
They are often forced to live in inhumane conditions and threatened with severe
reprisals if they report their traffickers.
Last year the New Yorker described such a situation in Immokalee, FL.
With the help of a vigilant group called the Coalition of Immokalee Workers,
a few brave victims spoke up against the practice and, because they did, trafficking
there was brought to a halt.5 Unfortunately, it is often difficult
for the staff of a local health clinic or pastoral center to distinguish between
a poor but "legal" farm worker and a worker who has been trafficked.
A fearful demeanor is often one clue. Other clues are evidence of physical abuse
and deprivation of freedom. Still another is refusal by such workers' escorts
to allow them to speak for themselves. Health care or pastoral care providers
who see such workers on an emergency basis should be attentive to what is not
spoken. We need to probe but not pry.
A major problem with the TVPA is the infrequency of its application. Although
the latest U.S. State Department calculations suggest that between 14,500 and
17,500 people are trafficked into this country annually, fewer than 600 victims
have been certified in the three years since the TVPA went into effect.6
The heart of the matter is society's failure to identify victims, and at
the heart of that is the average person's lack of knowledge and
vigilance.
By its very nature, human trafficking is hidden. Traffickers work clandestinely,
their knowledge of routes, methods, people, and systems enabling them to evade
the law. Victims often help to keep trafficking hidden because they are frightened.
They know they have entered the country illegally. They are closely watched
by the traffickers. Frequently, they do not speak English and, for good reason,
do not trust interpreters. They are often painfully mindful that, if they speak
out, their families may become targets for reprisal. In many ways, trafficking
victims are like victims of domestic violence, but their lives are frequently
much more complex than those of domestic violence victims. Terror demands a
tradeoff; the known become the norm.
Ignorance aids traffickers and hurts their victims. Although local law enforcement
officers may arrest a brothel owner, a prostitute, or an undocumented minor,
they will in most cases pursue the case in the light of what they know best — which
is usually not the TVPA, a federal law with which many local law enforcement
people are unfamiliar. When a case is identified as involving not human trafficking
but rather prostitution, or operation of a massage parlor without a license,
or illegal immigration, its victims are automatically denied a long list of
benefits that could help them reconstruct their lives. Prosecution often unwittingly
victimizes the victim.
Helping Trafficking Victims
On the other hand, a health care provider, social service worker, or pastor
who does know about trafficking can work with law enforcement to name the crime
and, by doing so, protect and actively help the victim. Again, vigilance is
the key. If we encounter people who we suspect are trafficking victims,
we should, before doing anything else, seek to gain their confidence. We should
question such people gently; again probe, not pry.
If they claim to be trafficking victims, we should explore the allegation with
a nongovernmental organization qualified to handle such questions quietly. Local
Catholic Charities offices are often equipped to do so. The USCCB can also provide
clear direction. A newly established hotline funded by the Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS) — but staffed by a non governmental organization — can
be quite useful in these matters.* Hotline staff members are prepared to answer
questions, contact agencies in the caller's own region, and suggest ways
the caller can get assistance until he or she is ready to talk to law enforcement.
* The HHS trafficking hotline number is 888-373-7888.
Any local nongovernmental organization that happens to receive a hotline call
can direct the inquiry in an effective way. It can, for example, provide information
about the TVPA; identify local social service agencies with funding available
to serve trafficking victims until such a time as they can be certified by the
HHS's Office of Refugee Resettlement; provide a touchstone for a certified
victim; and assist victims with the application for a "T visa," a
temporary document that can ultimately lead to permanent residency.
To qualify for the extensive benefits available to them, adult trafficking
victims must be willing to cooperate with the prosecution. But that cooperation
can take many forms. And cooperation can be elicited in ways that will endanger
neither victims nor their families. Children under the age of 18 are not required
by the law to assist the prosecution. All trafficked minors are entitled to
"letters of eligibility" that make available to them the benefits
available to certified victims.
Most trafficking victims who have been certified have achieved that status
through the intervention of an advocate, often a church-related person or agency.
Trafficking victims seek assistance from people they trust. In some cases, immigrants
may not even realize that they are victims of human trafficking; they
may know only that they are imprisoned, coerced, deceived, and cheated. They
want to escape, and as they attempt to do so, it is crucial that they encounter
people who are aware of the problem and care about its victims.
When he received the 1995 Nobel Prize for Literature, the poet Seamus Heaney,
recalled a legend told in his native Ireland:
It is said that once upon a time St. Kevin was kneeling with his arms stretched
out in the form of a cross in Glendalough, a monastic site not too far from
where we lived in Co. Wicklow, a place which to this day is one of the most
wooded and watery retreats in the whole of the country. Anyhow, as Kevin knelt
and prayed, a blackbird mistook his outstretched hand for some kind of roost
and swooped down upon it, laid a clutch of eggs in it, and proceeded to nest
in it as if it were the branch of a tree. Then, overcome with pity and constrained
by his faith to love the life in all creatures great and small, Kevin stayed
immobile for hours and days and nights and weeks, holding out his hand until
the eggs hatched and the fledglings grew wings, true to life if subversive
of common sense, at the intersection of natural process and the glimpsed ideal,
at one and the same time a signpost and a reminder. Manifesting that order
of poetry where we can at last grow up to that which we stored up as we grew.7
It's only a legend, and an Irish one at that. Still, Heaney's story
illustrates in principle the kind of radical stand that we must be willing to
take for the sake of life. Human trafficking is another one of those life-and-death
human rights issues that demands our concern. After all, much of what we do
for justice is "subversive of common sense."
Catholic organizations interested in active work to combat human trafficking
have formed the Coalition of Catholic Organizations against Human Trafficking
(see below). Initiated by the USCCB, this organization meets several times a
year to explore policy issues with U.S. government officials, to update each
other about their activities and devise strategies for engaging constituents
in their work against trafficking. CHA is an active member of this organization,
along with approximately 30 other members and partners. Obviously, the scope
and the depth of this contemporary form of slavery demand the attention of Catholic
organizations.
For more information about the Coalition of Catholic Organizations against
Human Trafficking, contact Rocio Salvador at 202-541-5409.
NOTES
- Trafficking
in Persons: A Guide for Non-Governmental Organizations, U.S. Department
of Justice, Washington, DC, no date, p. 1.
- Ronald Smothers, "Women Get Jail for Forcing Girls into Brothels,"
New York Times, August 8, 2003, Metro section, p. 5.
- Ernesto Londono, "Licensing Law Targets Massage Parlors," Washington
Post, July 20, 2002, Metro section, p. C1.
- "Indentured in America: Ruthless Trade of the ‘Body Brokers,'"
Baltimore Sun, September 16, 2002, p. 1A.
- John Bowe, "Nobodies," New Yorker, April 21-28, 2003, p.
106.
- 2004 Trafficking in Persons Report,
U.S. State Department, Washington, DC.
- Seamus Heaney, "Crediting
Poetry," Nobel Lecture, December 7, 1995.
Copyright © 2004 by the Catholic Health Association of the United States
For reprint permission, contact Betty Crosby or call (314) 253-3477.