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By ELLEN FUTTERMAN

As a pastor and social worker, Reggie Huff has witnessed his share of arguments about end-of-life decisions that tore entire families apart.

"I would be in the hospital room with relatives while their loved one was dying, and they wouldn't be able to speak to one another," said Huff, 63, of Detroit, whose nondenominational congregation numbers about 100 members. "The doctor would be saying the patient is near the end of life, but family members couldn't agree on a course of action. They were trying to make important, life-and-death decisions based on emotion because they didn't know what their family member, who could no longer speak, wanted to do."

Huff and his wife, Linda, 55, decided to be proactive and talk about their wishes for end-of-life care before either of them suffered a health crisis or were diagnosed with a serious illness. Once they figured out what they wanted, they sat down and shared their decisions with their four grown children. Then they each wrote down their plan in an advance care directive.

The Huffs' thoughtful process is one that Drew Weil hopes will be replicated across the greater Detroit area. Weil coordinates an ambitious advance care planning initiative at St. John Providence Health System in Warren, Mich. "An advance directive is an outcome of the bigger process of advance care planning, which entails thinking about your health care values and preferences, figuring out who you want to make medical treatment decisions for you if you cannot do so yourself, documenting those decisions and then sharing your plan so that it shouldn't come as a surprise to your family," he said.

Call to action
About a year ago, the leadership at St. John Providence decided to ramp up awareness about advance care planning through education and outreach among its own employees, community doctors and parish nurses who can spread the word. 

Thirty of the health system's social workers, nurses and palliative care specialists, including Weil, have undergone special training to become certified facilitators of advance care planning; more will be trained in the coming months.

The facilitators talk to patients in St. John Providence hospitals and in doctors' offices about the benefits of advance care planning. "Initially, when we did our needs assessment, we found that only 16 percent of the patients in all six (St. John Providence) hospitals had completed an advance directive," said Weil. "Since we have made this concerted push, more than 400 patients, or roughly two out of three patients who have been approached by a facilitator, have indicated they are interested in an advance care plan," he added.

"We are trying to give community members better access to people who are knowledgeable about ACP and its process," Weil said. "It's been proven that when people are able to make informed medical decisions, they often choose less aggressive end-of-life treatment options than they would normally. This should tell us something — people are forced to make (medical) decisions that they don't understand. Part of our program also includes educating patients about treatment options, encouraging them to better understand their current state of health, and aligning the treatments they receive with their personal health care goals and preferences."

St. John Providence has provided advance care planning "starter kits" with brochures, a poster and an educational video to more than 300 doctors in over 100 physician practices. "We wanted to target the physician offices since the goal is to promote these conversations to be proactive and take place outside of the hospital, when it is not an emergency situation," Weil explained.

Model providers
St. John Providence also is promoting the benefits of advance care planning among its 17,000 employees. Its facilitators have held lunch-and-learns and other forums to educate hospital executives, board members and staff.

Weil said turnout at the informational gatherings has been "great," and more than 2,000 associates and several hundred community members have heard live presentations or viewed the video on advance care planning since the initiative launched in November.

Weil is fine-tuning two advance care planning education modules that he expects to go live on the health system's online learning institute this fall. A one-hour web course intended for all St. John Providence employees provides a broad introduction to advance care planning. A four-hour course that includes web-based modules and coaching is designed to prepare clinicians to talk about advance care planning with patients.

Weil is leaving St. John Providence this month to begin a Master of Public Health program at Yale University in New Haven, Conn. He said that Liz DiStefano, the health system's palliative care coordinator, will ensure continuity of the advance care planning initiative.

A living document
Brian Bunte is a care coordinator for St. John Providence Partners In Care, a physician hospital organization and accountable care organization. He meets with chronically ill patients who are at high risk for relapse when they are discharged from the hospital and follows up with them by phone once they are home. One of the things he now makes sure to ask is if they have an advance directive.

"Most of the time they do not, but once I explain about it, they are interested in learning more," said Bunte, who also has been trained as an advance care facilitator. "I want them to know they can direct their health care and that I am here to help them do just that."

Lynn Bidigare is a veteran social worker at St. John Providence who also is a lawyer with a private practice specializing in estate planning, family law and end-of-life planning for the terminally ill. She said advance directives aren't anything new; they've been available for 20 years or so. "But the community had little interest in the documents overall partially because these conversations about end-of-life are not natural or easy," she said.

As a trained advance care planning facilitator, Bidigare uses open-ended questions to explore the person's wishes for end-of-life care. "Part of our training is to help a person think through all sorts of scenarios without being judgmental or steering the conversation in any one direction," she said.

The facilitators said one of the bigger challenges is getting people to understand they shouldn't wait until they are old, or sick, to make an advance care plan.

"Ideally, a person should have an advance directive at age 18," said Weil. "They are living documents that should be updated as circumstances change, such as the death of a loved one, a marriage or a divorce, diagnosis of an illness or decline in health."

Weil said that in most cases, a lawyer isn't necessary to draw up an advance directive or a durable power of attorney for health care, a document that gives someone the legal authority to make health care decisions in the event a person can no longer do so for him or herself.

The Huffs prepared their advance care directives before St. John Providence launched its educational initiative, and they appear in the hospital's unscripted video. Weil said the video "normalizes" the idea of starting a conversation about end-of-life care planning.

Linda Huff, a parish nurse and an administrator in a human services organization in Detroit, said she worked in patient relations for 15 years and saw firsthand how families struggled with end-of-life decisions. "I was set against my children having to do that. I wanted them to know what I wanted so they didn't have to second-guess themselves again and again."

Said Weil: "I'm 24 years old, and I have an advance directive because I understand how important it is. We need to 'walk the talk,' lead by example, and encourage all health care workers to develop their own advance care plan."

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Copyright © 2014 by the Catholic Health Association of the United States
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